[Index]
Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary June 2001
[Summaries and Track Data] [Prepared by Gary Padgett]
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Cyclones
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Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary June 2001 [Summaries and Track Data] [Prepared by Gary Padgett] |
MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY
JUNE, 2001
(For general comments about the nature of these summaries, as well as
information on how to download the tabular cyclone track files, see
the Author's Note at the end of this summary.)
***********************************************************************
JUNE HIGHLIGHTS
--> Relatively weak tropical storm causes devastating flooding with
significant loss of life in southeastern U. S.
--> Two damaging typhoons strike China
--> Unusual small midget cyclone forms in Mozambique Channel
***********************************************************************
***** Feature of the Month for June *****
RESULTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE SURVEY - PART 2
CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL VS SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES
As promised I'm going to summarize some of the responses to my
little survey on the subject of subtropical/hybrid cyclones. In
general the comments seemed to focus primarily on two separate issues:
(1) warning strategies for subtropical systems and (2) meteorological
classification for climatological purposes. I'm going to split this
topic into two monthly features and focus on the second subject for
this month.
James Franklin of TPC/NHC pointed out the obvious but sometimes
troublesome fact that there are no well-defined boundaries between
cyclone types. With regard to energy sources, cyclones come in a
continuous spectrum, but forecasters (at least at NHC) have to
pigeonhole them into three categories: tropical, subtropical, or
non-tropical (extratropical). In deciding whether a particular storm
is tropical or subtropical, James indicates that he would first look
at the structure of the wind field. If the highest winds appear to
be the result of central core convection, then it would be tropical.
If they result from synoptic-scale gradients or forcing, then the
system would be subtropical. Thermal structure is also important,
but the data to definitively answer that question is often not
available. (NOTE: It should be pointed out that, while in some
circles the terms subtropical and hybrid are often used synonymously,
this tends to not often be the case at NHC. Since its inception in
public warning terminology in 1972, the term "subtropical storm" has
become increasingly restricted in its application to hybrid-type
marine cyclones. In other words, a subtropical cyclone is a hybrid
between classical extratropical and tropical cyclones, but not all
hybrids are considered subtropical storms.)
Jack Beven, also of NHC, states that he considers three main
characteristics in deciding whether or not a given system is tropical
or subtropical: satellite appearance, amount and behaviour of central
convection, and any available information on how frontal a system is.
He admits that all three are rather subjective quantities. Chris
Landsea of AOML/HRD feels that a tropical cyclone should be called such
when there is convection near or over the center of the system (within
about one degree of latitude/longitude), it is warm core in the lower
troposphere, is non-frontal, and has a relatively small radius of
maximum winds (smaller than about 2.5 degrees of latitude/longitude).
David Roth of HPC feels that for classification as a tropical
cyclone, a system should have no large dry slots, no cold fronts or
stratus clouds, and should have deep central convection. In David's
opinion, the (usually) small cyclones sometimes seen in the Atlantic
(and also often in the Mozambique Channel) which may contain eye
features but have shallow convection and shallow warm cores with
cold cores aloft should be classed as subtropical rather than as
tropical cyclones.
Commenting also on the topic of classification of tropical cyclones,
Rich Henning, a meteorologist at Eglin AFB and a member of the
Hurricane Hunters squadron, suggested that perhaps there should be a
sliding scale based on the latitude of the system and the time of year.
Rich writes, "For example, for a system at a high latitude in November,
there had better be a burst of deep convection at or near the center
of the vortex that creates some evidence of a warm core and the
establishment of a tighter pressure gradient near the center that can
be traced to the convective event, i.e., that can be distinguished from
the larger-scale mid-latitude cyclone gradient in which it may be
embedded. For lower latitudes and/or when formation is from July to
October, this may not be as strictly enforced, especially when cyclo-
genesis occurs over water that is warmer than or equal to 26.5 C. For
cooler water temperatures, I am always skeptical about a system in the
absence of deep, persistent convection at or near the vortex core."
Another perspective on the subject of classification of subtropical
cyclones is the issue of entering them into the official tropical
cyclone database (Best Tracks file). Rich Henning feels that
subtropical systems should be included in the Best Tracks file so that
it will contain a complete tropical cyclone climatology for research
purposes. It is generally admitted that in the Atlantic basin (and
likely in other basins also) before the satellite era, many
subtropical/hybrid systems were treated as tropical cyclones. This is
the primary reason that in the early 1970s, while not being named
operationally, subtropical storms were added to the Atlantic database
so as not to skew the climatology of tropical cyclones in years
following the introduction of the subtropical concept. David Roth
also feels that subtropical storms and subtropical portions of named
tropical cyclone tracks should be added to the Best Tracks file.
Most of the comments from Southern Hemisphere forecasters dealt with
improved warning strategies for subtropical/hybrid systems, and many of
their comments will be covered in next month's Feature. However, Steve
Ready of the New Zealand Meteorological Service, in commenting on the
recently modified definition of a tropical cyclone for WMO Region 5
("a non-frontal cyclone of synoptic scale developing over tropical
waters and having a definite organised wind circulation with a maximum
10-minute average wind of 34 knots (63 km per hour) or greater"),
points out that many disturbances satisfy the wind criteria but don't
have the classical look in satellite imagery for officially naming as
tropical cyclones. This is especially true for systems forming outside
the normal hurricane season or in the subtropical latitude band or in a
strongly sheared environment. Steve feels that systems whose status
is debateable should not be named. As he puts it, "If in doubt, leave
out!"
***********************************************************************
ACTIVITY BY BASINS
ATLANTIC (ATL) - North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico
Activity for June: 1 tropical storm
NOTE: Some of the information presented below was obtained from the
TPC/NHC discussion bulletins issued with every regular advisory. All
references to sustained winds imply a 1-min averaging period unless
otherwise noted.
Atlantic Tropical Activity for June
-----------------------------------
Over the past century of records, a tropical storm or hurricane has
appeared in June about once every other year on the average. The last
Atlantic tropical storm to form in June was Tropical Storm Arlene in
1999, so according to the long-term average it was time for another
one this year. Tropical Storm Allison developed rather suddenly just
off the Texas coast on 5 June--just a few days after the official
hurricane season had begun. Within 24 hours after making landfall
Allison had been downgraded to a depression, but instead of moving
well inland and dissipating, Allison's remnants hung around the coastal
area of southeastern Texas, and over the next several days dropped
enormous amounts of rainfall, leading to disastrous flooding. One of
the hardest hit areas was the city of Houston, where some of the free-
ways were under 5.5 m of water following Allison's deluge. Damage
figures from Allison's flooding are not complete, but the storm surely
will go down in the annals of weather history as the most destructive
tropical storm (i.e., not of hurricane intensity) on record in the
United States.
Tropical Storm Allison (TC-01)
5 - 19 June
-------------------------------
What initially appeared to be a relatively minor landfalling
tropical storm event in southeastern Texas turned out to be a major
disaster-in-the-making for Texas. As the weakening Allison stalled
and lingered in the region, very heavy rains soaked the region for
several days, leading to a major flooding disaster for the state.
Then, after putting much of Houston under water, the weak remnant
LOW drifted back offshore and began to march eastward across the
northern Gulf Coast, strengthening back to gale force over south-
eastern Louisiana. Heavy rains drenched all the Gulf states as
the rejuvenated storm accelerated eastward. Upon nearing the
Atlantic coast, a blocking HIGH stalled Allison's remnants once
more, allowing heavy rain to spread throughout the Southeast and
Mid-Atlantic regions--even up into New England.
There is no doubt that Allison is the most destructive tropical
storm of less than hurricane force to ever affect the United States.
Coincidentally, another Tropical Storm Allison twelve years earlier
made landfall in the same region and dumped heavy rains for several
days over southeastern Texas and western Louisiana. 1989's Allison,
however, occurred the last week in June. Damage from the earlier
storm was estimated to have exceeded $500 million, primarily from
flooding. Another tropical storm named Allison, formerly a minimal
hurricane, made landfall on the Florida Panhandle near St. Marks on
5 June--six years earlier to the day that this year's Allison
developed. The Allison of 1995 was far less destructive than the
storms of 1989 and 2001.
Most of the report given below was taken from an excellent and
thorough summary of Allison written by David Roth, a meteorologist at
the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) in Maryland. David's
report is quite lengthy and very detailed, so only an abbreviated
version is included here. The full report can be obtained at the
following URL:
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2001/allison/06190109.html>
Some information on the early stages of Allison was gleaned from the
monthly summary of tropical activity for June prepared by the staff
of TPC/NHC. That report can be found at the following URL:
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2001/tws/MIATWSAT_jun.html>
A. Origins
----------
Allison's origins appeared to lie with a tropical wave that left the
west coast of Africa on 21 May. The wave tracked westward across the
Atlantic and Caribbean, reaching the western Caribbean on the 29th,
later crossing into the Eastern Pacific. A weak low-level circulation
formed along the tropical wave south-southeast of Veracruz, Mexico,
on 3 June, later moving into the Bay of Campeche on the 4th as an area
of strong thunderstorms. The LOW was guided by a nearby upper-level
LOW towards the north-northwest through the western Gulf of Mexico.
Thunderstorm activity increased and the system became a depression
on the morning of the 5th. The area of thunderstorms became
increasingly organized, so much so that reconnaissance aircraft, along
with ship and buoy reports, indicated the formation of a tropical storm
located only 70 nm from Galveston, Texas. Surface winds of 40-50 kts
were being reported on the east side of the system. Even though the
storm was more like a hybrid than a purely tropical system, it was
upgraded to the first tropical storm of the 2001 Atlantic tropical
cyclone season.
B. Track and Intensity History
------------------------------
Initially steered by the subtropical ridge centered east of Florida,
the cyclone moved northward, making landfall on the east end of
Galveston Island during the evening of 5 June. The highest winds
reported on land were to the northeast of the center in the area with
the tightest pressure gradient. At Sea Rim State Park sustained winds
reached 42 kts at 06/0250 UTC and gusts peaked at 53 kts at 0242 UTC.
Tropical storm-force winds were reported from Galveston eastward to
the Sabine River during the night of the 5th and on the morning of the
6th. The peak MSW reported in the NHC advisories was 50 kts during
the afternoon and evening of 5 June. Allison had weakened to a
depression by 06/0900 UTC and the responsibility of issuing advisories
was handed over to HPC--standard procedure when a weakening depression
drifts inland and constitutes a flooding threat.
Allison drifted as far inland as Lufkin, Texas, during the morning
of the 7th, dropping large quantities of rain along and to the east of
its path. Much of southeast Texas and south-central Louisiana had
already received over 255 mm of rain by the morning of 8 June. In
parts of Louisiana much of this rain fell within a 12-hour period on
the 6th. During the night of 6-7 June, heavy rains deluged northwest
Jefferson and Orange Counties in southeast Texas when 150-250 mm fell
in less than five hours. On the morning of 7 June the subtropical
HIGH off Florida weakened and drifted to the south while a ridge over
New Mexico was intensifying. This caused Allison's remnants to
transcribe a clockwise loop that morning, followed by a slow south-
westerly drift toward the coast, a movement which brought more heavy
rainfall to Texas and Louisiana over the next couple of days.
The center finally exited the Texas coast near Palacios during the
evening of the 9th, becoming the first known tropical cyclone to make
landfall in Texas only to later re-emerge back over the Gulf. Upper-
level westerlies associated with the southern fringe of the subtropical
jet stream guided the LOW east-northeastward, moving it into the
marshes and bayous of southeastern Louisiana on the morning of 11 June.
On the 11th the LOW that was formerly Allison accomplished a rare
feat--intensifying over land. This was mainly due to a jet streak
riding along the subtropical jet to its north and northeast, enhancing
the outflow which in turn led to a stronger surface LOW.
By 0600 UTC on the 11th the system had regained gale-force winds
which were spreading over the Mississippi River delta area. By
1200 UTC an eye-like feature had developed on radar while the system
was entering southwestern Mississippi. The MSW increased to 40 kts
with gusts to 50 kts in the main inflow band east of the center. As
the LOW edged farther inland that afternoon, it finally weakened and
lost the eye feature. (NOTE: The monthly summary for June from NHC
states that Allison's remnants re-organized as a subtropical cyclone
before moving back inland. Operationally, the system was treated
as neither a tropical nor subtropical storm during this brief period
of re-intensification, but rather was handled as a LOW with gale-force
winds.)
Allison tracked out of Mississippi into southern Alabama on the
afternoon of 11 June, continuing its quick east-northeasterly movement.
The forward motion began to slow as it encountered a blocking ridge of
high pressure sitting off the New England coast. The LOW came to a
halt as it was nearing the Atlantic coast near Wilmington, North
Carolina, on the morning of 14 June. Heavy rains fell on parts of
Georgia and South Carolina, and as the system slowed to a crawl in
North Carolina, flooding became a major problem in that state. Some
locally severe weather was also reported in Georgia and the Carolinas
on the 13th and 14th. Several areas reported hail, and high winds
downed power lines and trees throughout the region. Also, dangerous
rip currents developed in the Outer Banks as the winds became
perpendicular to the shore.
Allison's remnants later moved slowly northward along the Delmarva
Peninsula. (The Delmarva Peninsula is the peninsula which separates
Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The states of Delaware, Mary-
land and Virginia all occupy portions of the peninsula, hence the name:
"DEL" from Delaware, "MAR" from Maryland, and "VA"--the official
abbreviation for Virginia.) A cold front moved in from the west,
allowing moisture from Allison to pool along the front to the north
of the center. This set the stage for heavy rains across the northern
Mid-Atlantic region and southern New England.
As the system turned to the east-northeast and paralleled the coast,
rainfall amounts of 50-100 mm fell on portions of New Jersey, southern
New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The last of
the rains associated with Allison's remnants moved out of eastern Maine
during the early morning of 18 June as the LOW accelerated off to the
east-northeast. By the 19th the LOW had weakened and lost its identity
south of the Canadian Maritimes.
C. Meteorological Aspects
-------------------------
Although rainfall was the big story in connection with Tropical
Storm Allison, there were plenty of reports of gale-force winds or
higher. The winds measured at Sea Rim State Park have already been
mentioned above. As Allison's remnants underwent the intensification
over Louisiana and Mississippi on 11 June, quite a few buoys and
stations reported winds exceeding tropical storm force. BURL1 (28.9N,
89.3W) reported sustained winds exceeding 33 kts from 11/0700 to
1300 UTC--the maximum of 40 kts occurring at 1300 UTC. Winds were
39 kts at 1100 and 1200 UTC. Peak gusts reached 49 kts around the
same time. GDIL1 (29.3N, 89.9W) reported 34 kts at 11/0900 UTC with
peak gusts over the previous hour reaching 45 kts. Several other
locations had peak gusts in the 45-50 kt range. Eglin AFB, near
Valparaiso, Florida, reported a peak gust of 47 kts shortly before
local noon (1700 UTC).
Along the Atlantic coast I have been unable to locate any reports
of sustained gale-force winds. The strongest I'm aware of was a report
of 32 kts sustained at Diamond Shoals Lighthouse at 17/0300 UTC. There
were many reports of gusts in the 25-30 kt range with a few higher.
An offshore buoy near St. Simons Island, Georgia, reported gusts to
31 kts during the afternoon of 12 June as the LOW was crossing Georgia.
Inland, Vidalia reported a gust to 28 kts at 2000 UTC. Gusts to 30 kts
were reported along the South Carolina coast on the 13th, and Atlantic
City, New Jersey, reported sustained winds of 25 kts with gusts to
34 kts at 0200 UTC on the 17th.
Chris Bedford of Sailing Weather Services in Watertown,
Massachusetts, sent some information to David Roth after David's final
storm summary had been posted on HPC's website. Several boats
participating in a race from Annapolis to Newport reported quite strong
northwesterly winds on Saturday, 16 June, after leaving Chesapeake Bay.
Crew members on board the winning boat (Farr 60 Carrera) claimed they
experienced winds greater than 48 kts for one hour with gusts to
54 kts. One boat reported 68-kt gusts while another was retired from
the race after having its sails ripped in 40-kt sustained winds with
gusts to 60 kts. Chris adds, however, that the instrumentation could
be suspect. The stiff winds resulting from the interaction between
Allison's remnants and the cold front apparently were such that they
helped the boats make good time. The winner bested the previous record
for the race (set in 1999) by almost five hours, and the runner-up
arrived only 23 minutes later.
As Allison's center approached the Houston area for a second time on
8 June, rain intensified across southeastern Texas. Conroe measured
209 mm during a six-hour period during the afternoon of the 8th. In
the Houston area over 500 mm fell within a 12-hour period. The highest
storm total reported from Texas was 939.5 mm at the Port of Houston.
Allison ranks as the fourth wettest tropical cyclone in Texas history,
the others being Tropical Storm Amelia of 1978 (1168 mm), Tropical
Storm Claudette of 1979 (1143 mm), and an unnamed hurricane in 1921
(1016 mm). In Louisiana Allison ranks second behind a 1940 hurricane
as the wettest tropical cyclone in that state's history. The maximum
rainfall amounts occurred in the Vermilion and Atchafalaya basins of
south-central Louisiana with heavy rains falling each day from the
5th through the 11th. The highest storm total amount of 758.4 mm
was measured at Thibodaux. Salt Point in St. Mary Parish recorded
699.8 mm. Several locales recorded rainfall amounts exceeding
500 mm. (The peak storm total rainfall for the 1940 hurricane alluded
to above was 856.2 mm at Crowley.)
As Allison marched eastward, heavy rains continued to fall but the
accumulations were much less due to the system's more rapid forward
motion. Gulfport, Mississippi, had recorded 304.5 mm by 1800 UTC
on the 11th with the majority falling within a 24-hour period. The
main rain band moved eastward and then stalled near Tallahassee,
Florida, where a 24-hour total of 250.4 mm was netted between the
mornings of 11 June and 12 June. As the LOW tracked through the
southeastern U. S., the area of heaviest rainfall shifted to its
northwestern quadrant each night. Siloam, Georgia, picked up 146.1 mm
in the 24-hour period ending on the morning of the 13th. At a location
just to the east of Columbia, South Carolina, a local fire department
reported on the 13th that its rain guage had overflowed with over
305 mm of rain in fourteen hours.
In North Carolina Askewville recorded 216 mm of rain in a 16-hour
period on the 15th. A Doppler radar at Morehead City estimated that
up to 535 mm fell across the Bertie/Hertford County border as well as
in Halifax and Martin Counties. Farther north the heaviest rains fell
on the 16th. Willow Grove Naval Air Station in Pennsylvania recorded
215.1 mm of rain mainly in the 8-hour period between 1800 UTC and
0200 UTC on the 17th. Willow Grove and Chanfont reported 24-hour
totals of 258 mm, ending on the morning of the 17th. Finally, as
mentioned above, rainfall amounts of 50-100 mm fell across portions
of the Mid-Atlantic region and southern New England during Allison's
last fling.
D. Storm Effects
----------------
Allison turned out to be the major flood event on record in the
Houston area. Portions of U. S. Highway 59 and Interstate 10 were
deeply submerged--up to 5.5 meters in places. Flooding of similar
magnitude occurred in the Beaumont area as well. At least 22 persons
perished in the Houston area from the flooding. Damage from Houston
and surrounding communities alone totalled in excess of $2 billion,
perhaps considerably more.
Although the main threat from Allison's remnants was heavy rain,
tornadoes touched down in Louisiana northwest of Zachary in East Baton
Rouge during the early morning of 7 June. One person was killed when
a tree fell onto his vehicle. In southeast Louisiana the Comite River
recorded its third highest river stage on record on the 9th, cresting
at 8.87 meters at Comite.
Severe weather associated with Allison became more frequent during
and following its re-intensification on 11 June due to stronger winds
aloft interacting with the circulation. Two tornado touchdowns were
reported in Mississippi on the 11th--one destroyed a manufactured home
and caused major damage to a two-story home in George County. And, as
noted earlier, some severe weather was reported in Georgia and the
Carolinas on the 13th and 14th. Hail fell at Mountain Rest, Landrum
and Anderson, South Carolina.
The total damage in the United States resulting from Tropical Storm
Allison has been tentatively estimated at between $2.5 and $4 billion.
Thirty-two fatalities have been directly attributed to the storm with
an additional 11 deaths indirectly associated with Allison.
***********************************************************************
NORTHEAST PACIFIC (NEP) - North Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 180
Activity for June: 1 tropical storm
NOTE: Much of the information presented below was obtained from the
TPC/NHC discussion bulletins issued with every regular advisory (CPHC
for locations west of 140W.) All references to sustained winds imply
a 1-min averaging period unless otherwise noted.
Northeast Pacific Tropical Activity for June
--------------------------------------------
Over the period 1971-2000 the Eastern North Pacific has produced
an average of 2.2 tropical storms per year with an average of 1.2
reaching hurricane intensity. This year only one tropical storm
developed during the month, so activity was somewhat below normal.
Tropical Storm Barbara formed farther west than most June tropical
cyclones have formed and moved across 140W into the Central North
Pacific as it weakened to a tropical depression. As the month
opened former intense Hurricane Adolph was a rapidly weakening
tropical storm located several hundred miles south of Mexico's Baja
California peninsula and had dissipated by the 2nd.
The following summary on Barbara was written by John Wallace of
San Antonio, Texas. A special thanks to John for writing the report
on this storm.
Tropical Storm Barbara (TC-02E)
20 - 23 June
--------------------------------
A. Origins
----------
The origins of Barbara are somewhat uncertain. The storm might
have been spawned by a tropical wave that left the African coast on
2 June. More likely, though, it developed from a wave that was first
noted in the central Caribbean on 10 June. The wave tracked steadily
westward, entering the Pacific on the 12th. A tropical LOW had formed
along the wave axis by 18 June and conditions favored further
development. By 0300 UTC on 20 June, the LOW's organization had
increased enough to warrant its upgrade to Tropical Depression Two-E
while located some 1375 nm west-southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.
The depression tracked westward, under the steering influence of a
mid-level ridge to its north. Its relatively unimpressive organization
and convection increased enough to justify its upgrade to Tropical
Storm Barbara at 2100 UTC on 20 June while located roughly 1575 nm west
of Manzanillo. This made Barbara the earliest storm on record to form
so far west in the Northeast Pacific. Its initial westward track took
a west-northwesterly turn as the system began to "feel" the effects of
a large, strong upper-level LOW to its northwest.
B. Track and Intensity History
------------------------------
Barbara strengthened markedly after its upgrade in an initially
favorable environment. The storm reached its peak MSW of 50 kts,
with a CP of 997 mb, at 1500 UTC on 21 June about 1200 nm east of Hilo,
Hawaii. Even then, a weakening trend had already begun, due in large
part to increasing southerly shear. The presence of the LOW, along
with cooler SSTs along the track, had ensured from the beginning that
Barbara was living on borrowed time.
The weakening trend was slow at first. Ship V2FA2 reported a
northeast wind of 47 kts and 7.9 m seas at 0000 UTC on the 22nd. As
the ship was then 105 nm northwest of the center, the report raised
interesting possibilities about Barbara's true intensity. However,
once ship motion was factored out, the report fell more in line with
the satellite estimates.
Barbara steadily weakened in the face of increasing shear and cooler
SSTs. Nevertheless, it succeeded by a nose in becoming the first
Northeast Pacific storm to enter the CPHC's AOR in June. It was
downgraded to a depression immediately afterward, though. The final
advisory on Tropical Depression Barbara was issued at 0300 UTC on
23 June with the weakening center located some 775 nm east of Hilo,
Hawaii. The cyclone's remnant vortex brought some unsettled weather
and rough surf to the islands on the 25th and 26th; it seems that
other effects were negligible.
C. Damage and Casualties
-------------------------
No damage or casualties are known to have resulted from Tropical
Storm Barbara.
***********************************************************************
NORTHWEST PACIFIC (NWP) - North Pacific Ocean West of Longitude 180
Activity for June: 1 tropical depression **
2 typhoons ++
** - Warnings on this system were issued only by PAGASA, plus a
track was received from Roger Edson
++ - One of these was not treated as a typhoon by JMA, but was by
JTWC, the National Meteorological Center of China, and Hong
Kong Observatory
NOTE: Most of the information on each cyclone's history presented in
the narrative will be based upon JTWC's advisories, and references to
winds should be understood as a 1-min avg MSW unless otherwise noted.
However, in the accompanying tracking document I have made comparisons
of coordinates with JMA (Japan) and the Philippines (PAGASA) when their
positions differed from JTWC's by usually 40-50 nm or more. A special
thanks to Michael V. Padua, owner of the Typhoon 2000 website, for
sending me the PAGASA and JMA tracks.
Also, some information based upon warnings issued by the National
Meteorological Center of China (NMCC) and the Hong Kong Observatory
(HKO) is included. The tracks from these agencies were sent to me
by Huang Chunliang of Fuzhou City, China. A special thanks to
Chunliang for sending me these additional tracks.
In the title line for each storm I plan to reference all the cyclone
names/numbers I have available: JTWC's depression number, the
JMA-assigned name (if any), JMA's tropical storm numeric designator,
and PAGASA's name for systems forming in or passing through their area
of responsibility.
Northwest Pacific Tropical Activity for June
--------------------------------------------
Warnings were issued for three tropical systems during June by the
various warning agencies. For one of these systems, Tropical
Depression Darna, warnings were issued only by the weather service of
the Philippines. However, Roger Edson also sent me a track for this
system, so I have covered it below. Two typhoons, Chebi/Emong and
Durian, formed and both made rather damaging strikes in China, Chebi
in particular. JMA did not upgrade Durian to typhoon status, but HKO
and NMCC (Beijing) did along with JTWC. (This storm formed and
remained outside PAGASA's AOR.)
Tropical Depression Darna
13 - 20 June
-------------------------
Darna was a fairly weak, nebulous disturbance for which warnings
were issued only by PAGASA. JTWC did not issue any warnings on this
system, although four TCFAs were issued. However, Roger Edson sent
me a track for the disturbance, which he also considered to have been
a tropical depression.
JTWC issued a STWO at 0600 UTC on 11 June which mentioned an area
of convection developing about 170 nm north of Chuuk. Animated visible
satellite imagery depicted disorganized, isolated deep convection
drifting westward. Synoptic data revealed tradewind convergence
beneath the convection. I do not have any more STWOs saved until the
15th; Roger's track indicates a weak circulation (15 kts) located about
230 nm northeast of Palau at 1200 UTC on 13 June. Any connection with
the disturbance mentioned by JTWC on 11 June is uncertain. The weak
LOW continued to move westward--by 1200 UTC on 14 June it was centered
approximately 220 nm north-northwest of Palau with winds of 20 kts (per
Roger's track).
A STWO issued by JTWC at 15/0200 UTC mentioned that an area of
convection had developed about 450 nm east of Mindanao. Convection was
poorly-organized over a broad area; synoptic and scatterometer data
suggested that a weak LLCC was located within the monsoon trough. The
LLCC had become more defined by 1300 UTC. A QuikScat pass at 0907 UTC
revealed possible gusts above 25 kts associated with deep convection
north of 15N. The development potential was upgraded to fair. The
STWO issued at 16/0600 UTC indicated possible multiple LLCCs. JTWC
issued the first TCFA at 16/1430 UTC and PAGASA initiated warnings on
Tropical Depression Darna at 1800 UTC. (Darna is a fictional super-
heroine, the Filipino version of "Wonder Woman".)
PAGASA's track and Roger's track are in fairly good agreement at
first, then they diverge greatly. PAGASA's 17/1800 UTC position is
just off the east coast of Luzon northeast of Manila, but the 18/0000
UTC position is a relocation of the center to off the west coast of
Luzon west-northwest of Baguio. The 18/0600 UTC position is in the
same general vicinity, then at 1200 UTC the center was relocated far
to the north in the Luzon Strait--well northwest of Luzon. PAGASA's
track subsequently takes Darna north-northeastward toward the southern
tip of Taiwan and inland.
Roger Edson's track, beginning on the 17th, tracks Darna north-
northwestward across extreme northeastern Luzon, across the Luzon
Strait, and then up the west coast of Taiwan before taking off to the
northeast along a frontal trough. As noted above, JTWC did not issue
any warnings on this system, but did issue four TCFAs, each at 1400 UTC
on the 16th through the 19th. The positions mentioned in the TCFAs
roughly agree with Roger's track. The final TCFA was cancelled at
19/2130 UTC as the LLCC was beginning to interact with the mid-latitude
front approaching Taiwan. Darna was in a weakly sheared environment
for most of its life.
No reports of damage or casualties resulting from this system have
been received.
Typhoon Chebi (TC-04W / TY 0102 / Emong)
19 - 24 June
-----------------------------------------
Chebi: contributed by South Korea, is a swallow--a small bird with long
wings and a forked tail which eats insects. Each spring the
bird visits Korea where it is believed to bring good fortune.
A. Origins
----------
An intermediate STWO issued by JTWC at 1400 UTC on 19 June indicated
that an area of convection had developed southeast of Yap. Animated
infrared imagery indicated an increase in coverage of deep convection
over the previous 12 hours. Microwave data indicated a possible weak
surface circulation while a 200-mb analysis revealed weak diffluence
associated with an upper-level trough. By 1800 UTC the disturbance
was centered roughly 150 nm east-northeast of Palau. New bursts of
convection were occurring to the north of a broad LLCC in the monsoon
trough; the development potential was upgraded to fair.
However, shortly afterward early morning visible pictures depicted
that significant intensification and development had occurred over the
past four hours with a rapidly developing banding feature over the
southern quadrant. The first warning on TD-04W was issued at 2100 UTC
placing the depression's center about 275 nm north-northeast of Palau
at 1800 UTC. The depression had entered PAGASA's AOR by 20/0000 UTC
and that agency began issuing warnings on the system as a tropical
storm, which was named Emong (a Filipino nickname). Six hours later
both JTWC and JMA upgraded the depression to tropical storm intensity
with JMA assigning the name Chebi. Tropical Storm Chebi was located
about 350 nm north-northwest of Palau at this time.
B. Track and Intensity History
------------------------------
A mid-level subtropical ridge extending northward from a HIGH north
of the Mariana Islands was the main steering influence on Chebi through
most of its life. The storm embarked on a general west-northwestward
to northwestward track which it maintained until it turned northward
in the Taiwan Strait on 23 June. Winds were up to 45 kts at 0000 UTC
on the 21st as Chebi passed about 200 nm east-northeast of Catanduanes
Island in the Philippines. JTWC upgraded Chebi to a typhoon at
22/0000 UTC when it was located about 80 nm east-southeast of the
northeastern tip of Luzon. Satellite CI estimates were 65 kts and
microwave imagery revealed a partial eyewall feature. (JMA upgraded
the storm to a typhoon 12 hours later.) Typhoon Chebi passed just off
the northeastern tip of Luzon and moved into the Luzon Strait where it
continued to intensify.
Chebi reached its peak estimated intensity of 100 kts at 23/0000 UTC
when it was centered approximately 75 nm west of the southern tip of
Taiwan. Gales extended outward 100 nm from the center in the southeast
quadrant and up to 75 nm in the northwest quadrant, while 50-kt winds
were estimated to extend out 60 nm to the southeast. A mid-latitude
system over eastern China began to influence the typhoon and it turned
to a northward track which took it inland into eastern China around
1730 UTC just southeast of Fuzhou City, near Fuqing, in Fujian
Province. The MSW was estimated at 85 kts near the time of landfall.
(This was JTWC's estimate--a report received by the author from Huang
Chunliang of Fuzhou City indicates that NMCC estimated the 10-min avg
sustained wind at 66 kts near the time of landfall.) As the system
accelerated northward it began to interact with a baroclinic zone over
eastern China. JTWC issued their final warning on Chebi at 24/0000 UTC
with the storm inland and weakening. JMA and NMCC continued to track
Chebi for another 12 hours as it accelerated northeastward and back out
to sea. The center passed about 70 nm southeast of Shanghai around
0600 UTC, and the final bulletin from the two warning centers placed it
offshore approximately 200 nm northeast of Shanghai at 1200 UTC.
Typhoon Chebi reached its estimated peak intensity of 100 kts (1-min
avg MSW) at 0000 UTC on 23 June. The estimated minimum central
pressure (from JMA's bulletins) of 955 mb also occurred at the same
time.
C. Meteorological Aspects
-------------------------
As Typhoon Chebi passed near Taiwan heavy rains fell on portions of
the island. Some locations received between 200 and 300 mm during the
24 hours ending at 24/0000 UTC. At Laog, in northern Luzon, 281 mm
fell in the 30-hour period ending at 23/0600 UTC. (Thanks to Patrick
Hoareau for passing this information along.)
Fuzhou City did not report sustained winds of typhoon strength--the
peak there was 61 kts at 23/0003 UTC. Typhoon-force winds were
reported in Fuqing, Pingtan, Lianjiang, and Luoyuan. Typhoon Chebi
dropped 107.9 mm, 108.0 mm, 96.5 mm, and 86.1 mm of rain on Fuqing,
Lianjiang, Pingtan, and Changle, respectively, within a six-hour
period from 1200 to 1800 UTC on 23 June. (This information taken from
a report on the storm sent to me by Huang Chunliang--a special thanks
to Chunliang for sending the report.)
D. Comparisons between JTWC and Other Centers
---------------------------------------------
Center position estimates were in very good agreement between all
the various warning agencies throughout the life of Chebi. Intensity
estimates between JTWC and JMA agreed fairly well (after adjusting to
the same averaging period) except for the peak intensity. JTWC
estimated the peak MSW at 100 kts while JMA's estimated peak 10-min
mean wind was 75 kts, equivalent to approximately 85 kts 1-min avg MSW.
While PAGASA was the first warning center to upgrade the system to
tropical storm intensity, their intensity estimates were the lowest
near the time of peak intensity: only 65 kts (10-min avg) at 23/0000
UTC when JTWC was reporting 100 kts. HKO's peak 10-min mean wind
estimate was 75 kts--the same as JMA's. NMCC was the warning center
reporting the highest 10-min avg sustained wind. Their peak of 80 kts
is equivalent to about 90 kts 1-min avg MSW---in fairly good agreement
with JTWC.
E. Damage and Casualties
------------------------
Typhoon Chebi paid a rather deadly visit to China's Fujian Province.
Reports indicate that 71 persons died with 83 missing in the Fuzhou
area. In Ningde City, to the north of Fuzhou City, two persons died
and four were reported missing. A landslide on 26 June due to the
heavy rains of Chebi was responsible for 22 deaths in Hangzhou City,
the capital of Zhejiang Province.
In Fuzhou damage from the typhoon was widespread with 2,144,300
residents seriously affected. Total economic losses were estimated to
have been approximately 3 billion yuan in the city. Also, 65,362
hectares of farmland were seriously damaged by the storm. In Ningde
City over 320,000 houses were damaged or destroyed--economic losses
there are estimated at 503 million yuan. (Again, a big thanks to
Huang Chunliang for compiling all this information and sending it to
me.)
In Taiwan at least nine deaths were attributed to Typhoon Chebi.
Also, the typhoon sank a 5300-ton freighter with 23 persons on board.
At the time of the report I received, six had been rescued, five were
known dead, and 12 were still missing. (This information sent by
Matthew Saxby--thanks to Matthew for passing the report along.)
Typhoon Durian (TC-05W / STS 0103)
29 June - 3 July
-----------------------------------
Durian: contributed by Thailand, is a favorite fruit of Thailand
(Durio zibethinus)
A. Origins
----------
JTWC issued a STWO at 0000 UTC on 29 June indicating that an area
of convection had developed in the South China Sea. Early morning
animated visible pictures depicted cyclonically curved low-level cloud
lines outlining a LLCC in the monsoon trough which extended over the
area. A 200-mb analysis indicated diffluent flow aloft, but moderate
vertical shear seemed to be hindering development somewhat. JTWC
assessed the development potential as fair. JMA classified the system
as a tropical depression at 29/0600 UTC when it was centered about
400 nm south-southeast of Hong Kong. JTWC issued a TCFA at the same
hour, noting that synoptic reports indicated pressure falls and
increasing winds in the area.
JTWC issued their first warning on TD-05W at 29/1800 UTC. The
depression was centered about 390 nm south-southeast of Hong Kong and
was forecast to track northwestward under the influence of a mid-level
subtropical ridge over Taiwan. At 0000 UTC on the 30th JTWC upgraded
the depression to a tropical storm based on CI estimates of 30 and 35
kts. The storm was then located 350 nm south-southeast of Hong Kong.
Six hours later JMA upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Durian.
B. Track and Intensity History
------------------------------
Durian moved on a fairly steady northwesterly track throughout its
life as it was guided by a subtropical ridge extending westward from
a mid-level HIGH south of Kyushu. JTWC upgraded the storm to typhoon
status at 0600 UTC on 1 July when it was centered about 200 nm south-
west of Hong Kong. (NMCC and HKO both upgraded Durian to a typhoon
at 1200 UTC while JMA never regarded this storm as a typhoon.) Durian
reached its peak estimated MSW of 75 kts at 1800 UTC when it was
located in Mandarin Bay just east of the Luichow Peninsula. Gales
covered an area roughly 150 nm in diameter. Typhoon Durian jogged
very slightly more to the west-northwest and crossed over the northern
portion of the Luichow Peninsula and into the extreme northern Gulf of
Tonkin.
The storm skimmed along the southern coast of Kwangtung Province,
eventually making landfall just east of the Laotian border as a minimal
typhoon. Once inland, the storm began to weaken quickly as it
continued on its northwestward track, roughly parallel to the border
with Laos. Durian was at its estimated peak intensity of 75 kts from
01/1800 through 02/0600 UTC. The minimum estimated central pressure
(from JMA's bulletins) was 970 mb at 01/1800 UTC.
C. Meteorological Aspects
-------------------------
I did not receive as many rainfall reports or surface wind
observations for Typhoon Durian as I normally do from my usual sources.
A report on the storm sent by Huang Chunliang indicated maximum 10-min
mean winds were 70 kts, gusting to 90 kts, when Durian made landfall
near Zhanjiang City in Guangdong Province at 1930 UTC on 2 July. This
seems likely to be based on the warnings from NMCC and not a direct
observation. One press report mentioned that a foot of rain (305 mm)
fell near Zhanjiang. Chunliang's report indicated that several coastal
cities in the Guangxi region reported storm total rainfall amounts
ranging from 237 to 290 mm. Nanning, the regional capital, recorded
209 mm of rain from the storm.
D. Comparisons between JTWC and Other Centers
---------------------------------------------
As was the case with Typhoon Chebi, center position estimates
between the various warning centers generally agreed closely for most
of Typhoon Durian's life. JMA did not upgrade Durian to a typhoon;
however, their estimated maximum 10-min mean wind of 60 kts would be
equivalent to about 70 kts 1-min avg MSW, which agrees rather closely
with JTWC's estimated peak intensity of 75 kts. HKO's peak intensity
of 65 kts and NMCC's peak of 70 kts both agree closely with JTWC.
JTWC, however, maintained Durian as a typhoon longer than did the
other centers. HKO and NMCC downgraded the system shortly after its
initial landfall on the Luichow Peninsula, whereas JTWC maintained
Durian as a typhoon through 1200 UTC on 2 July when it was well inland
in China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
E. Damage and Casualties
------------------------
In southwestern Guangdong Province, where Durian initially made
landfall, the cities of Zhanjiang, Yangjiang, and Maoming reported
heavy damage. Over 13,000 houses were wrecked, affecting 3.72 million
residents in some shape or form, and 1800 businesses were forced to
close. Direct economic losses amounted to 3.7 billion yuan (equivalent
to $448 million U.S.). Transport across the Qiongzhou Strait was
shut down for 34 hours with 3000 passengers being delayed. Sugarcane
fields and banana trees were wiped out and more than 52,000 farm
animals were killed.
At least one person was killed and another reported missing in
south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. (Some press reports
mention three persons missing.) Some 3.36 million persons in this
part of China were affected by the typhoon, the worst in 30 years in
the region. Direct economic losses caused by Durian are estimated at
812 million yuan (about $978,000 U.S.), including the destruction of
5550 buildings, the inundation of 149,500 hectares of cropland, and the
death of 25,000 head of livestock.
Patrick Hoareau sent along a report which stated that 22 persons
were killed in Vietnam due to floods spawned by Typhoon Durian's rains.
The report also indicated that 20,000 homes had been destroyed in the
country by the flooding.
***********************************************************************
NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (NIO) - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
Activity for June: No tropical cyclones
North Indian Ocean Tropical Activity for June
---------------------------------------------
There were no tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean during
June, but there was a disturbance in the northern Bay of Bengal from
around the 9th through the 12th which possibly was a monsoon depression
type of system. The area was mentioned for several days in JTWC's
daily STWOs and was assigned a fair potential for development on the
10th when convection was seen to be increasing west of a partially-
exposed LLCC and shear was weak. An upper-level HIGH over the region,
however, soon shifted to the northeast and vertical shear increased,
and the potential for development was downgraded to poor. By 12 June
the center was on the coast of northern India near Paradip and
apparently continued to move westward and inland. The maximum winds
were estimated at 25 kts on 10 June and the minimum pressure was
estimated at 997 mb on the 11th and 12th. No track was given for this
system in the June tropical cyclone tracks file.
***********************************************************************
SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN (SWI) - South Indian Ocean West of Longitude 90E
Activity for June: 1 tropical storm **
** - System was treated as a tropical storm by JTWC, but at least three
tropical meteorologists expressed the opinion that the system was
likely a minimal hurricane (cyclone). MFR classified the system
only as a tropical depression, but indicated that gale-force winds
likely occurred in limited areas within the circulation.
Tropical Cyclone (TC-21S / MFR #11)
20 - 23 June
------------------------------------
The Mozambique Channel was the scene of two interesting but
unrelated phenomena on 21 June. The moon's umbral shadow raced
across the Channel in the first total solar eclipse of the new
millennium (after having crossed Africa), and an extremely small
midget cyclone, sporting an eye and well-organized, although shallow,
convection developed suddenly off the African coast to the south of
the eclipse track. (NOTE: I've used the term "tropical cyclone" in
the title line above in a generic sense, not meaning to imply that the
official WMO-sanctioned warning agencies, La Reunion and Madagascar,
upgraded the system to tropical cyclone (i.e., hurricane) status.)
The primary track for the cyclone included in the tropical cyclone
tracks file for June, as well as the 1-min avg MSW estimates, were
for the most part provided by Dr. Karl Hoarau of Cergy-Pontoise
University near Paris. Karl based his intensity estimates on his own
Dvorak analysis, plus QuikScat data.
A. Origins
----------
The origin of the midget system isn't exactly clear. Karl's track
locates a weak 20-kt LOW at 0000 UTC on 20 June about 325 nm east-
southeast of Durban, South Africa. The LOW moved initially somewhat
quickly north-northeastward to a point about 175 nm east-northeast of
Durban by 1800 UTC. Karl estimates the 1-min avg MSW to be 35 kts at
this point. Tony Cristaldi of the NWS office in Melbourne, Florida,
indicated that he had some satellite imagery which depicted a mature/
dissipating baroclinic wave cyclone spawning the subtropical vortex
which became TC-21S. This is the first known instance of a tropical
cyclone developing in the Mozambique Channel in the month of June
since the advent of the satellite era (1967-1968 season in the South
Indian Ocean).
B. Track and Intensity History
------------------------------
Based on Karl's track, by 0600 UTC on 21 June the system had reached
a point about 300 nm northeast or Durban or 500 nm west-southwest of
Tulear on the southwestern coast of Madagascar. At 21/0455 UTC a
QuikScat pass indicated winds of 60 kts. In Karl's estimation, the
MSW had reached 65 kts at this point. Roger Edson and Chip Guard also
expressed the opinion that the midget cyclone likely contained winds of
hurricane intensity. MFR initiated warnings at 1200 UTC, assigning a
maximum 10-min avg wind of 30 kts and designating the disturbance as
Subtropical Depression #11. JTWC issued the first of four warnings
at 1800 UTC, estimating the MSW at 45 kts.
By the time the warning centers had begun issuing warnings, the
system was beginning to come under some shear from a polar disturbance
to its south and was weakening. After the cyclone's rapid deepening
on 21 June, it turned abruptly eastward and for the next couple of days
moved rather slowly east-northeastward across the Mozambique Channel.
It was centered about 200 nm southwest of Tulear at 22/1800 UTC when
MFR issued their last bulletin, and was about 100 nm southwest of the
city when JTWC issued their final warning at 23/0600 UTC.
C. Meteorological Aspects
-------------------------
At the time of the initial explosive deepening on 21 June, the small
system displayed very well-organized convection with a visible eye,
spiral banding, and a symmetrical CDO. However, the convection was
considerably shallower than that normally seen in tropical cyclones
with cloud top temperatures in the -40 to -45 C range. Philippe
Aliaga, a forecaster at RSMC La Reunion, felt that with such shallow
convection, a standard Dvorak analysis was not possible, so it was
difficult to determine the windspeeds near the center. Philippe
indicated that the system certainly generated winds near gale force
(30 kts), and could have contained winds somewhat stronger (>40 kts).
Another aspect of this system was its very small size. According
to Karl Hoarau, the entire cloud system was about 90 nm in diameter
at its maximum intensity. Brian McNoldy of Colorado State University
made the observation that if the midget cyclone were superimposed on
the United States, most of it would fit in the southern tip of Florida
from Lake Okeechobee southward.
The lowest central pressure reported in MFR warnings was 1000 mb.
In his analysis of the system, Karl Hoarau estimated that the minimum
pressure was likely around 990 mb. One final interesting aspect of
the system was that its rapid intensification occurred over SSTs of
24 to 25 C--an event not all that uncommon in the North Atlantic
subtropics.
D. Damage and Casualties
------------------------
No damage or casualties are known to have resulted from this small
out-of-season tropical system.
***********************************************************************
NORTHWEST AUSTRALIA/SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN (AUW) - From 90E to 135E
Activity for June: No tropical cyclones
***********************************************************************
NORTHEAST AUSTRALIA/CORAL SEA (AUE) - From 135E to 160E
Activity for June: No tropical cyclones
***********************************************************************
SOUTH PACIFIC (SPA) - South Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 160E
Activity for June: No tropical cyclones
***********************************************************************
EXTRA FEATURE
In order to shorten the amount of typing in preparing the narrative
material, I have been in the habit of freely using abbreviations and
acronyms. I have tried to define most of these with the first usage
in a given summary, but I may have missed one now and then. Most of
these are probably understood by a majority of readers but perhaps a
few aren't clear to some. To remedy this I developed a Glossary of
Abbreviations and Acronyms which I first included in the July, 1998
summary. I don't normally include the Glossary in most months in
order to help keep them from being too long. If anyone would like to
receive a copy of the Glossary, please e-mail me and I'll be happy
to send them a copy.
***********************************************************************
AUTHOR'S NOTE: This summary should be considered a very preliminary
overview of the tropical cyclones that occur in each month. The cyclone
tracks (provided separately) will generally be based upon operational
warnings issued by the various tropical cyclone warning centers. The
information contained therein may differ somewhat from the tracking and
intensity information obtained from a "best-track" file which is based
on a detailed post-seasonal analysis of all available data. Information
on where to find official "best-track" files from the various warning
centers will be passed along from time to time.
The track files are not being sent via e-mail. They can be retrieved
in the following manner:
(a) FTP to: hrd-type42.nhc.noaa.gov [140.90.176.206]
(b) Login as: anonymous
(c) For a password use your e-mail address
(d) Go to "data" subdirectory (Type: cd data)
(e) Set file type to ASCII (Type: ascii)
(f) Transfer file (Type: get remote_file_name local_file_name )
(The files will be named with an obvious nomenclature--using
June as an example: jun01.tracks)
(g) To exit FTP, type: quit
Both the summaries and the track files are standard text files
created in DOS editor. Download to disk and use a viewer such as
Notepad or DOS editor to view the files.
The first summary in this series covered the month of October,
1997. If anyone wishes to retrieve any of the previous summaries,
they may be downloaded from the aforementioned FTP site at HRD. The
summary files are catalogued with the nomenclature: jun01.sum, for
example.
Back issues can also be obtained from the following websites
(courtesy of Michael Bath, Michael V. Padua, Tom Berg, Michael
Pitt, and Rich Henning):
http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/>
http://www.typhoon2k.com> OR http://65.108.205.8>
http://www.hurricanealley.net/>
http://www.qisfl.net/home/hurricanemike>
http://www.met.fsu.edu/gsc/Docs/Grads/henning/cyclones/>
NOTE: The URL for Michael V. Padua's Typhoon 2000 website has
changed.
Another website where much information about tropical cyclones may
be found is the website for the UK Meteorological Office. Their site
contains a lot of statistical information about tropical cyclones
globally on a monthly basis. The URL is:
http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec2/sec2cyclone/sec2cyclone.html>
TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTS AVAILABLE
JTWC now has available on its website the complete Annual Tropical
Cyclone Report (ATCR) for 2000 (1999-2000 season for the Southern
Hemisphere). ATCRs for earlier years are available also.
The URL is: http://199.10.200.33/jtwc.html>
Also, TPC/NHC has available on its webpage nice "technicolor"
tracking charts for the 2000 Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific
tropical cyclones; also, preliminary storm reports for all the 2000
Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific cyclones are now available, as
well as track charts and reports on storms from earlier years.
The URL is: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov>
Prepared by: Gary Padgett
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 334-222-5327 (nights & weekends) / 850-882-2594 (weekdays)
***********************************************************************
***********************************************************************
|
Document: summ0106.htm
Updated: 29th December 2006 |
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